Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), often referred to simply as autism, have become increasingly well known to the general public. Each year, a growing number of ASD diagnoses are reported worldwide. This increase is driven not only by demographic factors, but also by improvements in diagnostic tools, greater availability of psychiatric and psychological care, and a deeper understanding of the nature of these conditions.
Among the possible causes of ASD, specialists point to genetic predisposition, adverse environmental influences, disturbances in prenatal development, and imbalances of microelements in the body. However, it is important to note that the term “incidence” when applied to ASD is somewhat conditional: not all forms of the spectrum have a pathological basis, and not all require medical intervention. This is why ASD is viewed as a spectrum of conditions, ranging from high-functioning autism, where a high level of adaptability is preserved, to severe forms with pronounced developmental and behavioral impairments.
The most recognizable symptoms of ASD include avoidance of eye contact, sensitivity to touch, difficulties in social interaction, and a tendency toward repetitive behaviors and rigid routines. These features are part of the psychological profile and often serve as the first signal prompting diagnostic evaluation.
Approaches to supporting individuals with ASD depend on the form and severity of the condition. In milder cases, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and psychological support may be effective. In more severe cases, ongoing assistance in daily life and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team of specialists may be required.
It is essential to differentiate ASD from other conditions with similar symptoms. For example, traits such as social withdrawal may also occur in schizophrenia; however, the underlying mechanisms and clinical presentations of these disorders are different, and interventions effective for ASD would not be appropriate in such cases.
The current trend toward popularizing autism, often accompanied by simplified notions of it as a “disease of geniuses,” calls for caution. Difficulties in communication and social adaptation can arise from many causes, including individual personality traits, other mental health conditions, and personal challenges. The example of Elon Musk, who has openly stated that he has Asperger’s syndrome, reflects his personal experience but does not justify the broad romanticization of the diagnosis. Moreover, the presence of so-called “islands of genius” is not a mandatory feature of ASD.
In many countries, the diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorders is based on a multi-level medical assessment. For example, in Israel, the United States, and the Philippines, it is common practice to sequentially rule out various somatic and genetic conditions before referring a patient to a psychiatrist. A typical diagnostic algorithm may include:
- Tests for iron deficiency and levels of vitamins B12, D, and folic acid
- Assessment of thyroid function (TSH, T3, T4, antibodies)
- Evaluation of carbohydrate metabolism, including glucose testing and glycated hemoglobin
- Exclusion of Wilson–Konovalov disease (copper and ceruloplasmin tests)
- Screening for cystic fibrosis (sweat test)
- Diagnosis of celiac disease (antibodies, immunoglobulin A)
- Assessment of liver and kidney function, electrolyte levels, calcium, and phosphorus
- Neurological examination (EEG, MRI, or CT)
- Exclusion of storage diseases (Hunter syndrome, Fabry disease, and others)
Only after somatic pathologies have been ruled out and based on psychiatric observation can an ASD diagnosis be made. A psychologist, even with appropriate qualifications, does not have the authority to establish such a diagnosis based solely on psychological tests, especially in cases of self-diagnosis through online questionnaires.
In conclusion, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders requires a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach that includes both medical evaluation and professional psychological observation. Simplified or self-directed diagnostic attempts are unacceptable and may lead to a distorted understanding of one’s own difficulties or individual characteristics.